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托福阅读看文章时哪些部分要详读?这6类内容请认真看懂
托福阅读详读部分：重要的逻辑关系(relation)
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect)，这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读详读部分：主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的，因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。
托福阅读详读部分：举例主体
有的时候为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上(in fact)，TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略(omit)。
托福阅读详读部分：时间和数字(number)
一般来说，出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored)，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon)，考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question)，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form)，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做托福阅读题时的查询。
托福阅读详读部分：人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)
这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign)，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时 (concept)，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion)，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
托福阅读详读部分：新概念和局部核心概念
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance)，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to)，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)，也很可能是托福阅读试题的关键。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大
托福阅读长难句：二战之后的加拿大
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.
(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)
要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
分句2：is
分句3：the country's impressive population growth
分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.
本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.
托福阅读备考之事实信息题解析
1、提问方式
Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?
例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 Early Saharan Pastoralists)
Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?
例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：
1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。
2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。
3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。
2、解题步骤
Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词
注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。
如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越精确。)
例：
Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
分析：通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式，其实题干可以改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因此，定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challenge toresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，因为它属于通篇的主题词。
Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)
分析：通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式，因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分，考生们可以看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。
Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)
分析：通过题干找出题干中唯一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们最怕看到的，因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。
Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。
注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：
问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。
例1：定位词为原文原词的情况
Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).(TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations)
Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?
分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即最后一句话为定位句。
例2：定位词为非原文原词的情况
Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)
According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?
O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.
O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.
O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.
O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.
分析：此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult, 因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。
问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。
Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites,a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpseinto three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study,each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo agradual change in the number of segments --- typically an increase of one ortwo segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous wereobserved, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditionswere quite stable during the period he examined. (TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change)
According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?
O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period
O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history
O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability
O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.
分析：通过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次。因此，考生们需要定位的范围变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上最不愿意看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由最新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。
Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义最接近的选项。
注意：
1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。
2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。
例1：
Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29 Competition)
Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they
O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species
O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken
O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche
O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source
解题步骤：
1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。
2). 通过定位词回到原文进行定位，位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 可以对应题干中想问的importance。
3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为“当只有一种食物来源被提供时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈”，接下来浏览四个选项，发现C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。
例2：
As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)
Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because
A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.
B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.
C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.
D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.
解题步骤：
1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because
2).根据定位词定位到第一句和第三句这样的语义群，这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位，然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的精确定位点。
3).定位句的语义大约为“因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草，因此，早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来浏览四个选项，只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因，所以选择A选项。
3、总结
1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位
2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样，考生绝对不是漫无目的地搜索，而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案。
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