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高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."
.同意
1、竞争中优胜劣汰，选拔出最优秀的人才;产品;
2、竞争可以激发斗志，促进创新与发展市场经济;岗位
3、当然竞争也会带来压力、不良影响学生;健康;
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
.书仍然很重要
1、承认电视是一种很好的信息传播与接受方式，且看电视可以学到很多东西
record events in a more accurate and convincing way
deliver information with both audio and video signals
large coverage, politics, science, arts, entertainment; updated information
2、书本学习仍然很重要，看电视无法代替
书上的知识更系统，其他方式比较零散，适合学习;
书上的信息更有深度，更专业，如经济方面;
读书有更多思考空间想象空间，如文学;
3、最好的学习方法是以书本学习为主，看电视学习为辅
International politics
.SSUE38
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
关键词：电视，读书，学习，作用
1 定义学习-获得知识，解答疑惑
2 电视，优点-声画合一，生动表现易于记忆;缺点-流动性，信息停留时间短+强制性，无法自主选择，拍摄带有主观色彩+片面性，因为针对受众广泛，所以涉及不深
3 书本-历史久远，涉及几乎所有范围+易于携带，电视不能到哪都看+易于复制和传播+很多东西画面无法表现出来
.电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
1 .承认电视是某些领域好：Admittedly, 。。。holds certain advantages over。。。For the purpose of documenting and conveying。。。
最时时的消息 newest.latest 画面感 temporal, spatial events
比如：911 事件;印度洋海啸
2.但是书有书的好：However, the speaker overlooks several re spects in which books are inherently superior to television
1)看电视是无目的随机，被动的，还有恩多广告;读书主动性挑选要吸收的课题。
2)有些无法替代书本。比如：textbook 电视很难理论公式讲，要看推断演义过程要反复咀嚼。电视倾向 emotion development; 书本可以 intellect ,reasoning
perspective and insigh
3)书随身携带 portable，比如：上班的地铁上，大巴上;比如记单词。
总结：staying abreast of current affairs, 。。。books facilitate learning 。。。he optimal approach is to use both media side by side
38 电视媒体有很多有点。documenting and conveying temporal, spatial events and experiences 。比如通过电视节目来了解动物的生活习性，或者表现山川河流的壮观景色来吸引游客。Thus the speaker's claim has some merit when it comes to arts education an d to learning about modern and current events.世界每天发生很多事件，很难及时通过书来了解，电视提供了便利的条件。比如在大选期间，人们通过电视很容易了解候选人的政治主张，如果用书来，很难同样的效果
但是对于学习抽象的理论和哲学，人们需要深刻的思考。而阅读书籍可以引发人们的思考，而且描述很准确。比如学习孔子的思想 Confucius ，很难通过一个电视节目讲出它的精髓，需要自己通过阅读与思考去领悟。书籍其他有点。便于携带，随时随地可以阅读。不详电视只能固定地点收看。而且书可以重复阅读，不同的时侯会有不同的理解。很多人有这样的经验，小时候度过的小说也许并不理解作者的思想，但是后来重看会有更深的体会。不能忽略电视的缺点，电视节目追求的收视率 audience rating ，利润，而不是让人们获得知识。于是庸俗的电视剧会更多的占据电视的时间，迎合人们本能而不是理智。比如电视中的暴力，色情内容，反而有害。
【题目】"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
【翻译】电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。
【提纲】
1 television can impart and disse minate temporal and new events more rapidly than books In the political realm, the citizens could understand the political proceedings as soon as possible by watching television broadcasting.
2 in the business field, consumers could know the necessary information about the products by the advertisements on TV
3 books are far more portable than television se ts and main approach for most people to gain knowledge in their primary time, and cultivate good reading habits
4 the controllers of the television stations always withhold some information from audiences but books do not.
.和电视
一、电视确实有好处，但在 study 上pales, 因为不能表现 logical and profound visions
二. 电视有好处
1.传播快速，vividly, broad range
2.G8，政策 press conference televised，新年音乐会，discovery
3.电视promote communication among 世界人民, convey events instantly vividly in the spotlight
三、但有些电视没法达到。
1.书在探索已知领域更加 effective，usher, 更高层次的理解
2.书能表达逻辑和思维路径。How to...
3. 书容易引起共鸣，light pierce the darkness
4.电视dazzling but superficial，不能afford the delight of finding a spirit mentor
四、reading is a more active process than television, a relatively passive one.
1. 电视播出时间有限，为吸引观众，需要夸大甚至扭曲事实以增强娱乐性
2.书籍在内容上将没什么限制，因为受众范围广，sympathetic ear
3. Moreover, 人人都有经验 lying as couch potatoes 等最喜欢的节目，浪费时间精力
4.但书籍 portable, anywhere, any time
五、profound viewpoints, systemic method of analysis, and uplifting communication up to the spirit level, an active process meeting to individual interests, while the remo te narrows our choices.
38T "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
.在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少
Though each has its advantages, television and books are not capable to win over each other.
① With regard to the appealing traits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.
② 但有些是电视做不到的 如：A 大思想家、大科学家的著作难以从电视中学习。B review cross-reference
③ 除了②，书籍的优点也不少。A 有选择性、主动性 Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when and to which extent we want to learn B 更深刻 C 易于携带。
④ 各有千秋。人们正把两者的优点结合起来。如：报纸、杂志就是这种结合。
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
39"The intellectual benefits of attending a unive rsity or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."
.同意
1、大学里通过系统的学习、经验丰富的老师的帮助，在老师指导下开展学习和研究，可以更快的进步。
2、大学里不仅学习文化知识，还能培养学生各方面的能力，比如：自制力、生活自理能力、与人交往的能力、团队意识等等。
3、当然也有自学成才的例子，比如比尔盖茨，但是这并不能说明大学学习不如自学，因为他的成功可能是因为他找到了适合自己的学习方法，而对于大多数人来说，自己是很难摸索的。自学很难进行系统的学习，而且需要很强的自制力。
高分GRE写作提纲举例指导
40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
.分同意
1、在科学研究结束以前，研究成果对社会的贡献是不确定的，所以不需要太关心
The discovery of electricity is a case in point. When the scientist first found the phenomena of electricity, some reporters asked him to predict the potential use of it. The scientist replied like this: could you predict the contribution of a man when he was just a baby? As time passes, electricity becomes one of the fundamental factors in people's everyday life in modern world.
2、许多科学家凭自己的兴趣研究，最后成果仍然对社会有益
兴趣激发的研究更有动力，且容易成功
Einstein Albert who simply put his effort in the theoretical physics eventually promoted the advances in natural science. Watt James who just interested in the mechanism of the steam engine eventually propelled the Industrial Revolution in the eighteen century.
3、当然科学家也要考虑到研究对社会可能的影响
纳税人的钱;对社会有危害的研究
And their research should not cause serious problems in society. Clone of Human is an example. Although some scientists have strong interests in cloning human beings, they should not do that, because such research will cause many problems in ethics and morality.
.学者和研究人员不应该关注他们的工做是否对社会有所贡献; 他们追求自己个人的兴趣更为重要，无论那些兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊。
Précis & Syllabus:
许多人认为科学和研究应当为整个社会服务，并根据这个原因得出研究者和学者都应当尽可能的从事相对来说更有利于社会的研究。尽管这个观点表面上看似乎正确，但是争论却因为对于 contribute的这个词的不同看法而引起了，因为在人类社会中并没有统一的标准用来衡量什么学科要比另一些学科 contributes more to the human society. 因此，让科学家们根据自己的兴趣进行研究最最好的解决上述问题的方法。
Many people argue that scholars and researchers should make their contribution to the issues that may contribute most to the human society rather than to select the resear ch fields by their own interest. This statement seems rati onal at first glance; however, an precarious situation has been appeared from the different identifications of the term "contributio n" because different people have different comprehension toward the standards of this term. In order to preclude the confusions of the above argument, many people states that providin g the scholars and researchers with the opportunity to select their research fields should benefit the evolution of human world in the long run.
1、 首先，不可否认，确实有一些学科能够对当时社会发展起显著的推动作用。甚至一些学科就是为了解决社会问题而出现的，这些学科能够在短期内让整个社会受益，因此许多的政府和国际机构都投入了足够的资源和政策帮助科学家们从事这类的科学研究。比如，许多科学家们正在研究解决大气污染问题的方法，为了尽可能的减少大气污染对于人类生活的影响但在一段很长的时间里，判断什么样的研究最有利于社会的长远发展几乎不可能。
2、 正如经常被提到的，科学研究的主要目的是帮助人类认识他们所未知的事物，从这个观点出发，几乎所有的研究都是有利于社会的人们认识世界并能够帮助人们利用探索得到的知识改造世界的。比如，当年伽利略的自由落体定律，似乎并没有解决当时社会的任何问题，但是却成为后人发展物理学的基础并对人类社会的发展发挥了重要的作用。
3、 对于许多的科学家们来说，兴趣可能是他们选择研究课题的重要因素。首先，个人兴趣能够让科学家们更热衷于所从事的研究，相比之下，如果他们被迫选择一些他们并不感兴趣的 fields 研究不光会在短期内耗尽他们的积极性，而且还会很容易造成研究中的失误和疏忽。其次，科学家们很据自己兴趣选择研究领域能够让富有创新性和远见的科学家从事有利于人类社会长远发展的课题，并能够保持社会长期稳定的发展。相反，如果让所有的科学家从事几个有限数量的学科，虽然可能很快的解决社会问题，但是对未来的发展是有不利影响的。
总之，任何科学家和学者都有选择喜欢研究的领域的权力，就像任何人都有选择穿自己喜欢衣服的权力一样。所有的科学研究从长远看都是有用的，不光包括那些新兴的用于解决短期社会问题的学科，同样也包含unusual or idiosyncratic fields of research.
.管科学家兴趣
一、确实不该限制，列举理由，但需要引导
二、科学是智慧的结晶 Science is the result of intellect, which acts best when left unfettered.
1.人的nature是追求自由，若限制自由，在 physically, spiritedly confined,less creative
2. 研究是个艰难的过程
3.科学家讨厌被干涉
4.the advance of knowledge would be fastest,如果不是受 unitary conception决定的话
三、我们通常不知道结果 one of the characteristics of research involves uncertainty that renders the results unforeseeable.
1.我们认为 contributable 的不见得，但科学家的却可能 greatness
2. Cold War，科学家被强制研究武器
四、限于当代人水平，可能不能被认同 history informs us that a lot of greatness, beyond people’s ken, cannot be recognized by its contemporary society, stemming from limitation of traditions and conventional wisdom.
1.Mendel， Keynes
五、但是需要被引导 we have to assign priority to the most profitable research on the basis of the scant resources
1.为了利用我们不具备的知识，Talents should be guided, but not by what people think they ought to do, but by the value others attach on the results which scientists aim
2. 诺贝尔奖就是个好例子，没有 regulate interest，但guide, social needs
40T "Scholars and researchers should not be concer ned with whether their wo rk makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
.待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊
① 从现实来看，能够立马 apply to reality 的学科确实能得到更多的资助。如：法学、商学
② 但从长期来看，谁能说清楚什么是有贡献的?Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worthwhile? Scholars cannot be left to decide; nor can regulators and legislators. 现在看起来没什么用将来可能有大用处。如：Einstein 发展了 the principle relativity, the quantum theory, 当时没用，现在奠定了当代物理学的基础。以及发端自数学的 game theory
③ 在自己感兴趣的领域做事，科学家们更容易出成果。By human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. A enthusiasm B excel
Not for Edison’s sustained work, we wouldn’t have benefited so much from his marvelous inventions.
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